A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when there is a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This blockage prevents adequate blood flow, leading to damage or death of the heart muscle. The most common cause of this blockage is the build-up of plaque, which is composed of fat, cholesterol, and other substances. When this plaque ruptures, a blood clot forms, obstructing the blood flow.
The symptoms of a heart attack vary but often include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, and lightheadedness. The pain may radiate to the arms, neck, back, or jaw. It is important to note that some people, especially women, may experience less typical symptoms, such as fatigue or indigestion.
Several risk factors contribute to heart attacks, including high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, a sedentary lifestyle, and a family history of heart disease. Stress and excessive alcohol consumption can also increase the risk.
Treatment for a heart attack aims to restore blood flow to the heart muscle as quickly as possible. This may involve medications like thrombolytics to dissolve blood clots, anticoagulants to prevent further clotting, or procedures like angioplasty and stent placement. In severe cases, coronary artery bypass surgery may be necessary.
Prevention involves lifestyle changes, including regular exercise, a healthy diet, quitting smoking, and managing conditions like diabetes and high cholesterol. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes and reducing the risk of further heart damage.