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Blood Disorders

Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelet Count)

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Product Description
Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelet Count)
By Dr. Praveen M.P.

Thrombocytopenia, commonly referred to as a low platelet count, is a condition in which the platelet count in the blood falls below the normal range of 150,000–450,000 platelets per microliter. Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, play a crucial role in blood clotting and preventing excessive bleeding. When their levels are reduced, the risk of abnormal bleeding and bruising increases.

Causes
Thrombocytopenia can result from several factors, broadly categorized into three mechanisms: decreased production, increased destruction, or sequestration of platelets. Common causes include:

Decreased production: Bone marrow disorders, certain cancers (like leukemia), viral infections (such as hepatitis or HIV), and nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency).
Increased destruction: Autoimmune diseases (e.g., immune thrombocytopenic purpura), infections, certain medications (like heparin), or hypersplenism.
Sequestration: Conditions like an enlarged spleen can trap platelets, reducing their circulation in the bloodstream.
Symptoms
Symptoms may vary depending on the severity but often include:

Easy bruising (purpura)
Prolonged bleeding from cuts
Petechiae (small, pinpoint red spots on the skin)
Nosebleeds or gum bleeding
Heavy menstrual bleeding in women
Fatigue in severe cases due to internal bleeding
Diagnosis
Thrombocytopenia is diagnosed through a complete blood count (CBC) test. Additional investigations like bone marrow examination, imaging studies, and specific tests for underlying conditions may be required.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Mild cases may not require treatment, while severe thrombocytopenia might involve:

Medications: Corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, or drugs to stimulate platelet production.
Blood or platelet transfusions in emergency cases.
Treating the underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for infections, cessation of causative drugs).
Prevention and Management
Managing underlying conditions, avoiding medications that affect platelet function, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce risks. Patients should consult a healthcare provider for appropriate diagnosis and personalized care.
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