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Blood Disorders

Leukemia

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Leukemia: A Description by Dr. Praveen M P

Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates in the blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and lymphatic system. It primarily affects the production and function of white blood cells, which are essential for the immune system. The abnormal production of these cells leads to a rapid increase in the number of dysfunctional white blood cells, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the body.

There are several types of leukemia, and they are generally classified based on the speed of progression (acute or chronic) and the type of white blood cell involved (lymphocytic or myelogenous). Acute leukemia progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment, while chronic leukemia develops more slowly.

1. Acute Leukemia: This form of leukemia can be further divided into:

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Affects lymphoid cells and is most common in children but can occur in adults as well.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML): Affects myeloid cells and is more common in adults.
2. Chronic Leukemia:

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Affects the lymphoid cells and typically progresses slowly, mostly in older adults.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML): Affects myeloid cells and is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome.
The symptoms of leukemia can vary based on the type but often include fatigue, frequent infections, unexplained weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, easy bruising or bleeding, pale skin, and bone or joint pain. These symptoms occur because the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells crowds out normal cells, leading to a shortage of healthy red blood cells and platelets.

The exact cause of leukemia is not always clear, but certain risk factors include exposure to radiation, certain chemotherapy drugs, a family history of leukemia, and genetic conditions such as Down syndrome.

Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis is usually made through blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other imaging studies. The treatment of leukemia depends on the type and the patient's overall health, but options typically include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, and targeted therapies.

Early detection and treatment are critical in improving outcomes for leukemia patients. Advancements in treatment options, including targeted therapies and immunotherapy, offer hope for better survival rates and improved quality of life. Regular follow-ups are essential to monitor for relapse.
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